Photovoltaic modules mainly consist of materials like silicon, glass, aluminum frames, back sheets, and junction boxes. Silicon is the most important material, and it comes in two main types: monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon.

The efficiency of photovoltaic power generation typically depends on the type and quality of the solar cells. Currently, the efficiency of mainstream PV modules ranges from 15% to 22%. High-efficiency modules can exceed 23%.

The typical lifespan of a photovoltaic module is around 25 to 30 years. Over this period, the power output of the module gradually decreases, typically at a rate of around 0.5% to 1% per year.

Photovoltaic systems are widely used in residential buildings, commercial buildings, industrial factories, and large-scale PV power plants. They can also be installed in deserts or remote areas. PV systems are most effective in areas with good sunlight exposure, although they can still operate in cloudy or cold climates.